How to write a biography paper

Wednesday, August 26, 2020

Briefing paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Preparation paper - Essay Example The degree of misconception builds horribly such gathering happens between individuals of various nations. Varieties in the strategies applied to correspondence additionally show the distinction in culture that is accessible in the nation. These varieties, in this manner, will in general reason difficulties for worldwide organizations like Secure IT Mobile towards their globalization framework. As a business organization in Italy, the Secure IT is confronted with a great deal of challenges concerning debasement rehearses by its representatives and the customers themselves. Be that as it may, in certain societies inside the nation do take hush-money yet it is as yet hindering the advancement of such organizations inside the market structure. A few types of pay off that may incorporate cash, blessings, a few favors, and even amusement to those focused by such pay-offs. Any pay off is very unlawful in Italy and furthermore is unscrupulous business practice in a solid business activity condition. A few nations, in any case, pay-offs are permitted to such a degree no any business can work in such nations without offering pay-offs. Pay off, consequently, ought to be disheartened no matter what since restrains complete pay assortment from most speculation organizations, regarding Secure IT portable too in Italy(Soerens and Hwang 2009). Organizations, for example, the Secure IT versatile in Italy may wind up offering incentives. They can wind up spending on account of the accompanying conditions; rivalry from different firms, pressure from top administration and legitimization of the training itself by the nation. Ultimately, they may likewise do them due to high tax assessment demands, government guidelines, and diminished installment to government authorities and bureaucratic business delays(Rotschild and Wingfield 2008). The language utilized for correspondence in Italy is the Italia no. Be that as it may, English is the most perceived business language everywhere throughout the world. It has, in this way, end up being hard for Secure

Saturday, August 22, 2020

Lotteries Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Lotteries - Research Paper Example In the United States, complete yearly lottery deals have developed into the billions of dollars. Lotteries additionally give an incredible chance to utilize basic budgetary arithmetic, just as some likelihood, in a setting natural to understudies. Most understudies don't have major money related choices to make, so the standards of monetary arithmetic may appear to be far expelled from their lives. Nonetheless, the majority of them know about the lottery and the point promptly draws in them. The use of these scientific ideas in the lottery is talked about in this paper. In a few USA states and Canada Provinces, the 6/49 lottery works as a normal lottery. To win the lottery stupendous prize the competitor needs to choose every one of the six numbers precisely as attracted the week by week or month to month challenge. This will be utilized as the model framework for the calculations in this paper. Beginning with a pack of 49 in an unexpected way numbered lottery balls, there is obviously a 1 of every 49 possibility of anticipating the quantity of the principal ball chose from the sack. As needs be, there are 49 distinct methods of picking that first number. At the point when the attract goes to the subsequent number, there are currently just 48 balls left taken care of (in light of the fact that the balls previously attracted are not come back to the pack), so there is presently a 1 out of 48 possibility of foreseeing this number. In this manner, every one of the 49 different ways of picking the main number has 48 unique methods of picking the second. ... This proceeds until the 6th number has been drawn, giving the last estimation, 49 48 47 46 45 44, which can likewise be composed as : . The request for the 6 numbers isn't huge. That is, if a ticket has the numbers 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6, it wins as long as all the numbers 1 through 6 are drawn, regardless of what request they turn out in. As needs be, there are 6 5 4 3 2 1 = 6! or then again 720 different ways they could be drawn. Isolating 10,068,347,520 by 720 gives 13,983,816. This can likewise be composed as: . This capacity is known as the blend work, indicated as COMBIN(n, k) in some spreadsheet. Taken as a class, the quantity of potential blends for a given lottery can be alluded to as the number space (n). Inclusion is the level of a lottery's number space that is in play for a given drawing (k). Scientific ideas can likewise be applied in making techniques in picking a number. Recurrence investigation is a well known system that is utilized. It includes monitoring the individual numbers that are drawn over some undefined time frame. You may contrast it with crippling a racehorse; rating his past presentation to figure out what his odds of winning are later on. The figure beneath shows how often every one of the numbers has come up in the principle National Lottery draw. Here we take a gander at whether the watched dissemination of the occasions every one of the 49 numbers has come up fits with what might be normal with a really irregular draw. Figure 1. Number of events of 1 to 49 out of 1240 lottery draws (UK National Lottery, 1997). Numbers that show up frequently in a specific game are called hot numbers. A few players will play these hot numbers solely on the supposition that since they have showed up frequently previously, they ought to show up again later on.

Friday, August 21, 2020

The Importance of Recess for Children With ADHD

The Importance of Recess for Children With ADHD ADHD School Print The Importance of Recess for Children With ADHD By Keath Low Keath Low, MA, is a therapist and clinical scientist with the Carolina Institute for Developmental Disabilities at the University of North Carolina. She specializes in treatment of ADD/ADHD. Learn about our editorial policy Keath Low Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Steven Gans, MD on August 05, 2016 Steven Gans, MD is board-certified in psychiatry and is an active supervisor, teacher, and mentor at Massachusetts General Hospital. Learn about our Medical Review Board Steven Gans, MD Updated on February 13, 2020 ADHD Overview Symptoms Causes Diagnosis Treatment Living With In Children fstop123 / Getty Images The loss of something as fun and rewarding as recess might seem as though it would be a powerful motivator. The problem is that kids with ADHD who are active and impulsive need more opportunities for physical outlets, not fewer. Some teachers try to incorporate consequences by having students lose a portion of recess rather than the whole activity. So for a six-year-old, your child may lose the first five minutes of recess for an infraction. The other idea is to limit the activities at recess rather than the recess itself. For example, the punishment results in fewer choices of play activities on the playground. Your child may love playing kickball at recess, but he may lose that privilege for a large enough infraction. Instead, he must choose other play activities during recess. Why Loss of Recess Shouldnt Be a Consequence for Children With ADHD It is best to figure out other ways to provide consequences and protect recess time for kids. Recess is an important part of the school day for all kids, but it is especially important for children with ADHD who benefit from the physical movement, exercise, play, and social opportunities that recess provides. Loss of recess time for a hyperactive child is counterproductive. If your child has an IEP or 504 plan you can specifically have it written into his plan that recess will not be taken away as a consequence. For students with ADHD who are struggling, it often helps to take a step back and look at the picture more widely with the teacher. The Importance of Being Proactive We know that the symptoms of ADHD result in difficulties in certain areas. We can anticipate some of the problems that a child with ADHD may have and get proactive interventions in place to help prevent some of the behavior problems and teach new skills. The way you structure and adapt a childs environment can have a huge impact on the symptoms and on a childs success. You may want to meet with the teacher and see whether there are aspects of the classroom environment that can be modified to help your child be more successful. It can also be helpful to get more information about the context in which the problematic behaviors tend to occur most frequently. Understanding the antecedents to problematic behaviors can often decrease the need for negative consequences. Also, is it possible to catch the behaviors and redirect them before your sons behavior escalates to the point of a color change? Shift Consequences From Negative to Positive The other question to ask would be is there a way to shift consequences from negative to positive? This way you are positively reinforcing the behaviors that you want to see, shaping his behavior and increasing the likelihood that the appropriate behavior will occur again. Kids with ADHD often hear a lot of negatives and indeed their behavior can be quite frustrating. The teacher may already be incorporating a lot of positives into the school day, but this might be something you can assess with her. Kids with ADHD who have experienced repeated frustrations and failures really do need a lot of support and encouragement. So make sure she is praising him often and loudly when he is engaging in appropriate behaviors. Richard Lavoie, a former teacher, school administrator, and expert in ADHD and special education, emphasizes the importance of this approach and refers to it as remaining success-oriented with children through reinforcement, praise, and encouragement. Try a Token Reward System If the excessive, disruptive talking is an issue in the classroom, you might want to talk with the teacher about implementing a token reward system where your son earns points or chips for raising his hand and waiting to be called on to talk. If you decide to do this, bring your son into the planning, problem-solving, and decision making, so he understands and is invested in the program. Have him chose rewards he would like to earn. They dont have to be large; it could be extra time on the computer, being able to pair up with a friend for an activity, being the line leader, earning extra free time, etc. The teacher will need to give him feedback about his behavior frequently to help keep him on track. Also, keep in mind that you may need to change up the rewards regularly to keep his interest. Incorporate Physical Outlets It would be great for the teacher to give your child lots of opportunities for leadership in the class, as well. For example, having him run small errands for the teacher such as taking a note to another classroom, returning the class storybook to the school library, passing out papers to classmates, having him help clean the whiteboard, sharpen pencils, etc. These are all things he can earn with appropriate behavior. Not only do these activities allow him physical outlets for channeling his hyperactivity, but they also increase feelings of competence and self-esteem. It is helpful for the teacher to incorporate physical outlets into the school day for your child anyway. She can do this by making sure he has active movement time after each sedentary study time. It is quite difficult for a hyperactive, impulsive child to remain quiet and seated, scheduling in regular opportunities for movement can help prevent problems. Understanding the Needs of an ADHD Student It is hard because excessive talk is a symptom of ADHD. It is a skill deficit associated with ADHD. Kids with ADHD have trouble controlling their impulses and tend to respond immediately to their environment. They respond and react without thinking, and the verbal hyperactivity can be very difficult for him to reign in without a lot of support and guidance. Children with ADHD need a lot of reminders, prompts and cueing to help them pause, slow down, and stop themselves before reacting. Your child and his teacher may want to come up with a signal she could give to him to remind him when he is beginning to interrupt or talk excessively. He may even want to tape a visual reminder on his desktop; it could be a small photo of someone raising their hand to talk or any sign or symbol that would help him remember to stop and think. If he begins to escalate, the teacher can point to the photo or use their signal to help redirect him. If disruptive talking is an issue particularly in group activities in the classroom, another idea is to remove him briefly from the group activity. He shouldnt be removed from the class because he will miss learning opportunities, but just separating him somewhat from the group may help. Group settings can be very stimulating for a child with ADHD, and many benefit from taking a little time away to decompress and regain control. This doesnt need to be a punitive move but instead can be a strategy that he uses to settle himself. Since kids with ADHD often have such trouble inhibiting and controlling their reactions (and especially young children like your son), they really do benefit from more external regulation, monitoring, and guidance from the adults in their lives. You may also want to share your concerns with your childâ€™s doctor and discuss whether or not medication would be appropriate to consider to help him better manage the verbal hyperactivity and impulsivity. If your child is already on medication, then you may want to discuss evaluating the medication dosage and/or timing of the administration of medicine in light of behavior problems.

The Importance of Recess for Children With ADHD

Wednesday, May 13, 2020

What Is a Column in the Architectural World

In architecture, a column is an upright pillar or post. Columns may support a roof or a beam, or they can be purely decorative. A row of columns is called a colonnade. Classical columns have distinctive capitals, shafts, and bases. Some people, including the 18th century Jesuit scholar Marc-Antoine Laugier, suggest that the column is one of the essential elements of architecture. Laugier theorizes that primitive man required only three architectural elements to build a shelter Ã¢â‚¬â€ the column, entablature, and the pediment. These are the basic elements of what has become known as the Primitive Hut, from which all architecture is derived. Where does the word come from? Like many of our English-language words, column originates from Greek and Latin words. The Greek kolophÃ… n, meaning a summit or hill, was where temples were built in places like Colophon, an ancient Ionian Greek city. The Latin word columna further describes the elongated shape we associate with the word column. Even today when we speak of newspaper columns orspreadsheet columns, or even spinal columns, the geometry is the same Ã¢â‚¬â€ longer than wide, slender, and vertical. in publishing Ã¢â‚¬â€ the distinctive mark of the publisher, much like a sports team may have an associated symbolic mark Ã¢â‚¬â€ comes from the same Greek origin. The architecture of ancient Greece was distinctive and remains so today. Imagine living in an ancient time, perhaps in BC when civilization began, and you are asked to describe the grand, stone projections you see high on a hill. The words that describe what architects call the built environment usually come well after the structures are built, and words are often inadequate descriptors of grand visual designs. The Classical Column The ideas of columns in Western civilizations come from the Classical architecture of Greece and Rome. Classical columns were first described by an architect named Vitruvius (c. 70-15 BC). Further descriptions were written in the late 1500s by the Italian Renaissance architect Giacomo da Vignola. He described the Classical Order of Architecture, a history of the columns and entablatures used in Greece and Rome. Vignola described five basic designs: Greek Columns and Entablature:DoricIonicCorinthianRoman Columns and Entablature:TuscanComposite Classical columns traditionally have three main parts: The base. Most columns (except the early Doric) rest on a round or square base, sometimes called a plinth.The shaft. The main part of the column, the shaft, may be smooth, fluted (grooved), or carved with designs.The capital. The top of the column may be simple or elaborately decorated. The capital of the column supports the upper portion of a building, called the entablature. The design of the column and entablature together determine the Classical Order of Architecture. Out of (Classical) Order The Orders of architecture refer to the designs of column combinations in Classical Greece and Rome. However, decorative and functional posts and shafts that hold up structures are found throughout the world. Over the centuries, a variety of column types and column designs have evolved, including in Egypt and Persia. To see different styles of columns, browse our Photo Guide to Column Design and Column Types. Function of a Column Columns are historically functional. Today a column can be both decorative and functional. Structurally, columns are considered compression members subject to axial compressive forces Ã¢â‚¬â€ they allow space to be created by carrying the load of the building. How much load that can be carried before buckling depends on the columns length, diameter, and construction material. The columns shaft is often not the same diameter from the bottom to the top. Entasis is the tapering and swelling of the columns shaft, which is used both functionally and to achieve a more symmetric look Ã¢â‚¬â€ fooling the naked eye. Columns and Your House Columns are commonly found in 19th century Greek Revival and Gothic Revival house styles. Unlike large Classical columns, residential columns usually carry the load of a porch or portico only. As such, they are subject to weather and rot and often become a maintenance issue. Too often, home columns are replaced with cheaper alternatives Ã¢â‚¬â€ sometimes, unfortunately, with wrought iron. If you buy a house with metal supports where columns should be, you know that these are not original. Metal supports are functional, but aesthetically they are historically inaccurate. Bungalows have their own type of tapered columns. Related Names for Column-Like Structures anta Ã¢â‚¬â€ A flat, square, column-like structure, usually on either side of a door or the corners of a buildings facade. These pilaster-like paired structures, called antae (plural), are really a structural thickening of the wall.pillar Ã¢â‚¬â€ Like a column, but a pillar can also stand alone, like a monument.support Ã¢â‚¬â€ A very general word that describes a functionpilaster Ã¢â‚¬â€ A squared column (i.e., a pier) protruding from a wall.engaged column Ã¢â‚¬â€ A round column protruding from a wall like a pilaster.post or stake or polepier Ã¢â‚¬â€ A squared column.buttressunderpinning Source Inline photo of metal columns Ã‚ ©Jackie Craven

Wednesday, May 6, 2020

How Wwii Effected the Indian Independence Movement Free Essays

string(318) " book The Indian Struggle, Bose described his first meeting with Gandhi in 1921, Ã¢â‚¬Å"there was a deplorable lack of clarity in the plan which the Mahatma had formulated and that he himself had no clear idea of the successive stages of the campaign which would bring India to her cherished goal of freedomÃ¢â‚¬ \(Kumar\)\." Rebecca Martinez 18 November 2012 Professor Sutherland ANTH 4002 World War IIÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s Impact on the Indian Independence Movement The success of the Indian Independence movement is, by some scholars, largely attributed to efforts of Mahatma Gandhi. As stated by BBC, Ã¢â‚¬Å"Gandhi was the leader of the Indian nationalist movement against British rule, and is widely considered the father of his countryÃ¢â‚¬ (India. wikia. We will write a custom essay sample on How Wwii Effected the Indian Independence Movement or any similar topic only for you Order Now com). However, this revolutionary movement, a dream that had been growing since the mid nineteenth century, was the infusion of a wide spectrum of Indian political organizations, philosophies, and rebellions. For example, the events and aftermath of the Second World War posed an economic crisis and political confrontation that transformed nationalism and colonialism for many colonies, including India. Even less credit is given to the various international events that shaped the movement, as well as those involved. Regardless of the divisions in Indian nationalist efforts, both in support and against violence, they all contained one common goal: independence from Britain. Were historians correct in their proposition that IndiaÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s independence was largely attributed to GandhiÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s peaceful anti-war efforts, or were GandhiÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s strategies ultimately ineffective? If proven effective, should IndiaÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s rapid progress in independence during World War II be seen as affected most by Gandhi, or were bigger actors involved? I believe that the source of IndiaÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s successes in their 100-year struggle for independence should not be correlated with one man. Rather, by paying close attention to key events, powerful political players, critical economic changes, and motivating political factors from around the globe during this period, historians will gain a better understanding of how IndiaÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s independence movement was rapidly accelerated, and ultimately successful, during the period surrounding World War II. When war initially broke out in September of 1939, BritainÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s grip on India was as fierce and stubborn as ever (Bose and Jalal, 130). Although Congress leadership in India implored Great Britain to define their war aim before declaring IndiaÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s support, viceroy Linlithgow avowed the British Indian Empire a belligerent against the axis powers without consulting prominent Indian leaders (Bose and Jalal, 130). Once it became clear that the British were unconcerned with Indian nationalist aspirations, the entire Congress leadership resigned from the local government councils in protest. However, this protest was not simply an opposition to BritainÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s decision. Many Indian nationalists believed that BritainÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s fight for democracy and freedom in the Second World War contradicted their rule over a multitude of colonies (wiki. com). Mahatma Gandhi, for example, termed BritainÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s Ã¢â‚¬Å"war to save democracyÃ¢â‚¬ as hypocrisy since it was denying democratic rights and individual liberties to Indians (wiki. com). Despite the atrocities faced by Indians under British rule, many Indians supported the British war effort and fought with the Allied Forces. In hopes that the British would leave India after the Second World War, the Indian National Congress cooperated with the British war efforts, making the British Indian Army was one of the largest volunteer forces during the war (India. wikia. com). However, when it became clear the Britain had no intention of relenting their hold India after the war, Gandhi called for a determined but passive resistance to foster a peaceful negotiation with the British government. Ultimately, Gandhi and the Congress Party proposed a Ã¢â‚¬Å"Quit India Movement,Ã¢â‚¬ which declared that if the British did not accede to the demands for Indian independence, a massive Civil Disobedience would be launched (Bose and Jalal, 133). However, once Britain arrested the top Congress Party leaders, the Quit India Movement fizzed out entirely before it even had a chance to gather steam. That being said, although Mahatma GandhiÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s initial civil disobedience movements were driving forces that ultimately shaped the cultural, religious, and political unity of a Indian diverse nation, they did not have a significant impact on Indian independence following the Second World War. Although historyÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s spotlight for Indian nationalist ideas during this time is set on Gandhi, the fight for freedom during World War II saw the rise of two independence movements. Some leaders of the revolutionary Indian independence movement collaborated with the Axis powers to overthrow the British Raj. Although largely ignored by historians, the Azad Hind movement, in collaboration with Japanese forces, successfully created the Indian National Army in 1942. Indian military alliances with Axis nations also included the Legion Freies Indien in Nazi Germany and the Battaglione Azad Hindoustan in Fascist Italy (wiki. com). Although Adolf Hitler saw Indians as racially inferior and had no interest in IndiaÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s future, he believed that if India gained its independence it could become a valuable ally of the Axis powers and help it gain dominance in the Indian Ocean area (Kumar). As a result, Germany and Japan actively provided support to Indian independence movement leaders. The Indian Nation Army, led by Subhash Chandra Bose, was based on the principle that Ã¢â‚¬Å"An enemyÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s enemy is a friendÃ¢â‚¬ (India. wikia. com). Bose also formed what came to be known as the Azad Hind Government, with Indian prisoners of war and Indian expatriates in South-East Asia, with the help of the Japanese (Bose and Jalal, 134). Its aim was to reach India as a fighting force that would build on public resentment to inspire revolts among Indian soldiers to defeat the Raj (Bose and Jalal, 134). However, due to poor arms and supplies from the Japanese and lack of support and training, the Indian National Army and entire Azad Hind ultimately failed. Although defeated, BoseÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s initiative gave hope to the Indian public and turned the support and loyalty of the native soldiers of the British Indian Forces from the crown to the Indian National Army soldiers. In doing so, the British Army, whose ultimate goal was to replace the loyalty of Indian soldiers to the crown, was replaced by the Indian National Army (Bose and Jalal, 134). Bose also succeeded in developing a larger participation and unity in the Indian community, one that crossed religious and gender boundaries, than Mahatma GandhiÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s Quit India movement. In his book The Indian Struggle, Bose described his first meeting with Gandhi in 1921, Ã¢â‚¬Å"there was a deplorable lack of clarity in the plan which the Mahatma had formulated and that he himself had no clear idea of the successive stages of the campaign which would bring India to her cherished goal of freedomÃ¢â‚¬ (Kumar). You read "How Wwii Effected the Indian Independence Movement" in category "Essay examples" However, although BoseÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s efforts did aid IndiaÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s independence movement, it did not create an impact large enough for historians to declare its actions as the main source of IndiaÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s accelerated independence. The most effective factor in Indian independence during World War II, therefore, could not have been the result of Indian nationalist efforts. It was British prime minister Clement Atlee who, when granting independence to India, said that GandhiÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s non-violence movement had next to zero effect on the British. In corroboration, Chief Justice P. B. Chakrabarty of the Kolkata High Court, disclosed the following in a letter addressed to the publisher of Ramesh Chandra MajumdarÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s book A History of Bengal, Ã¢â‚¬Å"You have fulfilled a noble task by persuading Dr. Majumdar to write this history of Bengal and publishing it Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ In the preface of the book Dr. Majumdar has written that he could not accept the thesis that Indian independence was brought about solely, or predominantly by the non-violent civil disobedience movement of Gandhi. When I was the acting Governor, Lord Atlee, who had given us independence by withdrawing the British rule from India, spent two days in the GovernorÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s palace at Calcutta during his tour of India. At that time I had a prolonged discussion with him regarding the real factors that had led the British to quit India. My direct question to him was that since GandhiÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s Ã¢â‚¬Å"Quit IndiaÃ¢â‚¬ movement had tapered off quite some time ago and in 1947 no such new compelling situation had arisen that would necessitate a hasty British departure, why did they have to leave? In his reply Atlee cited several reasons, the principal among them being the erosion of loyalty to the British Crown among the Indian army and navy personnel as a result of the military activities of Netaji [Subhash Chandra Bose]. Toward the end of our discussion I asked Atlee what was the extent of GandhiÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s influence upon the British decision to quit India. Hearing this question, AtleeÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s lips became twisted in a sarcastic smile as he slowly chewed out the word, Ã¢â‚¬Å"m-i-n-i-m-a-l! Ã¢â‚¬ (Kumar). In reality, the political confrontations and negotiations between Indian nationalists and the British were immensely influenced by an atmosphere of deepening economic crisis. In the aftermath of World War II, BritainÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s economy was destroyed to such an extent that they were no longer able to financially maintain their military forces, making Great Britain incapable of containing the incessant freedom movements in their colonies. Therefore, due to its collapsed economy, Great Britain would have left India much later than they did after World War II, regardless of Gandhi, Bose, or any nationalist leader. The most influential character in IndiaÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s independence, therefore, would evidently be Adolf Hitler. Despite his selfish reasons for war, Hitler inadvertently created the perfect economic atmosphere needed for the Indian Independence Movement to take flight. Had Hitler not begun World War II, IndiaÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s independence, with only nationalist determination as a driving force, would most probably have taken much longer than it did. In the aftermath of World War II, India had increased its political, economic and military influence, which paved the way for its independence from Great Britain in 1947. Although the main factor in BritainÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s retreat in India was its economic turmoil, India would not have been able to create or sustain a healthy economy, government, or military without the help of key nationalist leaders. For example, previous tensions between Indian castes were eased by Gandhi, who launched the Haijan movement, a campaign to improve the lives of the untouchables, whom he named Harijans, the children of God. Gandhi also influenced IndiaÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s blossoming political ideology. According to Jim Yardley, Ã¢â‚¬Å"Gandhi is given full credit for IndiaÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s political identity as a tolerant, secular democracy. Likewise, Indian military precedent was also set by Bose in his creation of the Indian National Army. Bose also succeeded in uniting various religious entities in India. For example, when he first three of BoseÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s officers to be tried were a Hindu, a Muslim, and a Sikh, Indians of all three religions became united against the British in a national movem ent against the Indian National Army officersÃ¢â‚¬â„¢ trial (india. wikia. com). Nationalist efforts, specifically Mahatma Gandhi, may have not been the leading force in IndiaÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s independence in 1947, but it did make independence easier. British historians P. J. Cain and A. G. Hopkins described the hopeless situation of the British in India as follows, Ã¢â‚¬Å"By the end of war, there was a loss of purpose at the very center of the imperial system. The gentlemanly administrators who managed the Raj no longer had the heart to devise new moves against increasing odds, not least because after 1939 the majority of the Indian Civil Service were themselves Indian. In 1945 the new Viceroy, Wavell, commented on the Ã¢â‚¬Å"weakness and weariness of the importance of the instrument still our disposal in the shape of the British element in the Indian Civil Service. The town had been lost to opponents of the Raj; the countryside had slipped beyond control. Widespread discontent in the army was followed in 1946 by a mutiny in the navy. It was then Wavell, the unfortunate messenger, reported to London that India had become ungovernable [which finally led to the independence of IndiaÃ¢â‚¬ (Kumar). Furthermore, although the Indian Independence Movement was greatly hastened by BritainÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s economic crisis posed during the aftermath of World War II, IndiaÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s identity would not be the same without the influential works of Indian nationalists. Works Cited: Bose, Sugata Jalal, Ayesha. 2011, Modern South Asia: History, Culture Political Economy, Third Edition. Routledge Taylor and Francis Group, London and New York. http://india. wikia. com/wiki/Indian_Independence_Movement http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/India_in_World_War_II Kumar, Susmit. 2012. Ã¢â‚¬ËœHitler, NOT Gandhi, Should Be Given Credit for the Independence of India in 1947Ã¢â‚¬â„¢, [Online] Available at: http://www. susmitkumar. net/index. php? option=com_contentview=articleid=100Itemid=86 Yardley, Jim. 2010, Ã¢â‚¬ËœObama Invokes Gandhi, Whose Ideal Eludes India. Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ New York Times. 6, Nov. How to cite How Wwii Effected the Indian Independence Movement, Essay examples

Tuesday, May 5, 2020

Nullification Controversy free essay sample

In the era in question, the country was distinctly divided along economic lines. Because a large percentage of Southern capital was put into land, cotton, and slaves, less capital was available for industrial for manufacturing enterprises, since in that volatile period in history they such investments were far riskier than cotton, the prime resource of the booming textile industry. Economists have determined that a reasonable expectation for return On investments in cotton was per annum, an excellent return at any time.But because the cotton South did not produce much in the way of farm equipment, tools or other manufactured goods, they were dependent upon manufactured goods produced mostly in the north or in foreign countries. High protective tariffs on manufactured goods, designed to aid American manufacturing, had the effect of raising prices on goods purchased throughout the country, but needed most heavily in South. Support for manufacturing interests was strong in the north, where the population had grown faster, meaning that there were more members in the House of Representatives from the North then from the South. We will write a custom essay sample on Nullification Controversy or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Thus high protective tariffs were regularly passed. In 1 828 Andrew Jacksons supporters proposed a very high tariff bill that would allow Jackson to look friendly toward manufacturing in the North, while in the South his supporters to claim that the proposed tariff was so high that it would never pass, and that they therefore had nothing to worry about. But then the tariff did pass after all. Vice President John C. Calhoun of South Carolina anonymously wrote an Exposition and Protest of the Tariff of 1 828, which became known as the Tariff of Abominations. When a tariff bill passed again in 1832, because it as still too high to suit the needs of Southern agricultural interests, the State of South Carolina decided to nullify the tariff. They took their action very deliberately, calling a special convention and passing an Ordinance of Nullification that claimed not only that the tariff was not enforceable in South Carolina, but that any attempt to enforce it by state or federal officials would not be permitted within South Carolina.South Carolinas ordinance placed the state on a collision course with President Andrew Jackson. Although Jackson was from Tennessee, and thus a Southerner (and slave owner), he was still much more a nationalist than an advocate of states rights. To Jackson, the notion that a state could nullify a federal law, and that it could furthermore preven t him from exercising his constitutional duty, which is to see to it that the laws are faithfully executed, was too much. Jackson issued his own Proclamation of the people of South Carolina in which he called their nullification ordinance an impracticable absurdity. Congress supported Jackson by passing a Force Bill which explicitly authorized him to use whatever force was necessary to enforce the law in South Carolina. (The Force Bill was more symbolic than real, as Jackson already had authority to enforce the law under the Constitution. Not willing to push the fight any farther, South Carolina, realizing that support for its position was weak, relented and repealed its ordinance of nullification. But then as a sort of slap in the face to President Jackson, it nullified the force bill, which was of no consequence since the force bill had become moot upon South Carolinas repeal of the ordinance of nullification. To summarize, would say that the nullification controversy is important because of its focus on the issue of states rights.Most historians believe that behind South Carolinas nullification of t he tariff was a deeper concern over the slavery question. The abolitionist movement was gathering steam, and there was fear throughout the South that somehow the federal government might move to abolish slavery. Nullification of the tariff then was seen by some as a test case as to whether or not nullification Was viable. President Jacksons reaction and the support from Congress suggested that nullification could not be sustained.The next logical step, therefore, in opposing federal authority within a state was the act of secession, which South Carolina exercised almost 30 years later as the first state to secede from the Union following President Lincoln election in 1860. It is worth reading South Carolinas ordinance of nullification and Andrew Jacksons proclamation to understand the depth of the arguments on both sides. Jacksons argument carried the day, but for many Southerners the issue of states rights was still an open question.